Design Considerations Of Nc Machine Tools Ppt

Introduction

The rapid advance of science has caused the need for precision machining to reach into every branch of technology and industry. There are many methods to analyze and control the nonlinear systems, such as variational principle.¹ After numerical analysis, the control schemes are always applied to control the systems. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) is the most commonly used control method for precision computerized numerical control (CNC) machine tools. Whether PID control is the best control method for such a system is debatable. The focus of this study is on several of the methods commonly used for CNC machine tool control.

Popular control methods for CNC machine tools include: PID control,^1–3 fuzzy control,^4,5 extension control,⁶ quantitative feedback design theory (QFT) control,^7–9 sliding mode control (SMC),^10–12 and others. The smart algorithms for adaptive control such as ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the genetic algorithm (GA),^13,14 have also been widely used.

Each of these control methods has advantages and disadvantage. PID control is independent of overall system architecture. Only three different parameters need to be adjusted to achieve stable control. The use of extension control requires the establishment of a controlled field and a classical field, the range of which can be extended indefinitely $-\infty$ to $+\infty$ , but the control is simpler. The range of the controlled field and classical field for fuzzy control lies between 0 and 1 so that the range setting is more complicated. QFT control is a frequency domain technique. The features of response control and noise suppression can be added through system analysis. SMC has better anti-interference capability. The sliding surface of the system is defined first. Once the system moves into sliding surface from the approach mode, the controlled system changes into sliding mode and continues to operate along the target trajectory. In this study, a comparison has been made between PID, QFT and SMC. The use of smart algorithms for control optimization will enhance the compatibility between the controller and the system. The key to judging their superiority is machining precision. The computation formula of the GA has higher instability and uncertainty for the estimation of direction of arrival. The ACO performs better on the travelling salesman problem (TSP) but is unsuitable for CNC applications. Particle swarm optimization has a more precise convergence direction for the system and was chosen as the control system optimization algorithm for this study.

The X and Y slides of a milling machine were used as the experimental platform in this study. The platform, which is used for moving a work piece, needs to be well controlled and requires precision of motion trajectory. A system model was built for the machine¹⁵ and this was transformed into a transfer function using PSO. The compatibility was based on the system model calculated from the signal source of the actual system and feedback data^16,17 and a digital simulation was then carried out using MATLAB.

PID, QFT and SMC control were used in this study. Verification was carried out in the actual system after calibration by simulation experiment. The X–Y slides were driven by AC servo motors, which receive commands sent from the system through a motion control card. A final comparison of errors between motion trajectories was done to determine the most suitable controller for the system.

System model

System structure

The equipment used in this study was the X and Y assembly of a milling machine, as shown in Figure 1 . The system includes a computer, AC servo motors and the X–Y platform (the machine slides and worktable). System performance response via encoder and simulation as shown in Figure 2 .

Figure 1. The X–Y platform of the machine tool.

Figure 2. Feedback from encoder.

The mechanism used in this study works as follows: the AC servo motors connect to the drive screws of each slide X and Y through ball bearing couplings. The motor control card receives commands from the computer to drive the slides and move the X–Y platform. A standard first-order transfer function was chosen for the architecture of the controlled object, as shown in equation (1). Since the feedback data is position, the architecture of the controlled object is changed to use voltage as input and angular position as output so that the system model is more like an actual system.

$$\frac{\omega (s)}{V(s)}\times \frac{1}{S}=\frac{k}{\tau S+1}\times \frac{1}{S}=\frac{\theta (s)}{V(s)}$$

(1)

System identification

The notion of system identification^18,19 is that for the same signal given, the output from the actual system and that of the simulation should be the same. The system model in Figure 1 was obtained from PSO using the signal from the encoder. PSO was used to calculate the architecture of the system model that best fitted the system and the conditional function was designed to be the error between the simulation and the actual system. The goal being error reduction. In equation (2), $e(t)$ is the criterion used to determine if the simulation fits the actual system. Error converges to a minimum value and reaches stability as iteration of the algorithm proceeds (as shown in Figure 3 ). $P_S$ and $P_E$ were the position parameters taken from the simulated system and the actual one, while $T$ was the number of iterations made by the smart algorithm.

Figure 3. Error convergence diagram for system identification.

Sliding mode control

Most control systems are nonlinear, and in this study SMC was used to turn a nonlinear control system into a linear one to improve effectiveness.

The purpose of sliding mode trajectory control is to keep the system operating on the hyperplane. To achieve this SMC works in two modes, the sliding mode and approaching mode. The mode in which the system operates is decided by the sliding function $S$ , which is defined as follows:

Ideally, $S=0$ when the system is on a sliding surface. However, to force the system to remain on a sliding surface in an actual piece of equipment, a sign function will be added to the sliding function when the rules are set. The control rules for sliding mode are as follows:

$$\mathrm{sgn}(S(t))\text{=}\{\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ -1\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}S>0\\ S=0\\ S<0\end{array}\end{array}$$

(5)

When SMC is being used, to get the system to enter sliding mode quickly, the Lyapunov theorem can be used to verify system stability. The Lyapunov function is defined in equation (6). When conditions are stable, as shown in equations (7) and (8), and are satisfied by Lyapunov function, the system will enter stable equilibrium very quickly.

PI-type SMC was chosen for this study. The design being mainly based on published research. The approach mode is different from that used in traditional SMC. The design is shown in equation (9).

$$U_S=K_{P}S+K_I{\displaystyle {\int }_0^t\left[S+w\times \mathrm{sgn}(S)\right]\mathrm{d}t}$$

(9)

Equation (10) is then derived from equations (4), (5) and (9):

$${\dot{U}}_S=-\frac{k}{T}\{K_{P}S+K_I{\displaystyle {\int }_0^t\left[S+w\times \mathrm{sgn}(S)\right]\mathrm{d}t\}-d}$$

(10)

The specific Lyapunov function is defined based on equation (11). Where $X_1$ , $X_2$ and $X_3$ are all positive.

$$V_S=\frac{X_1}{2}{\left[\begin{array}{l}S\\ \dot{S}\end{array}\right]}^T\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& \frac{X_3}{X_1}\\ \frac{X_3}{X_1}& \frac{X_2}{X_1}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}S\\ \dot{S}\end{array}\right]+X_2{W}^{\prime }\left|S\right|$$

(11)

Equation (11) is then differentiated as shown in equation (12).

$${\dot{V}}_S=\frac{X_1}{2}\left[2S\dot{S}+2\frac{X_3}{X_1}({\dot{S}}^2+S\ddot{S})+2\frac{X_2}{X_1}\dot{S}\ddot{S}\right]+X_2\dot{S}{W}^{\prime }\cdot \mathrm{sgn}(s)$$

(12)

$$\begin{array}{c}{\dot{V}}_S=\left(\frac{-2k\cdot K_I\cdot X_3}{T{X}_1}\right)\left(\frac{X_1}{2}{\left[\begin{array}{l}S\\ \dot{S}\end{array}\right]}^T\Omega \left[\begin{array}{l}S\\ \dot{S}\end{array}\right]+\frac{T{X}_1}{2K_P}{W}^{\prime }\left|S\right|\right)\le 0\\ \Omega =\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& \frac{X_2{K}_I+X_3{K}_P-(T{X}_1/k)}{2X_3{K}_I}\\ \frac{X_2{K}_I+X_3{K}_P-(T{X}_1/k)}{2X_3{K}_I}& \frac{X_2{K}_P-(T{X}_3/k)}{X_3{K}_I}\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$

(13)

Equations (12) and (13) show that the controller will stabilize gradually, which means that the system will operate along the trajectory of the target signal after entering sliding mode.

Experimental results

SMC simulation experiment

In order for SMC to remain in an optimal situation, the two parameters for the approach mode, $K_P$ and $K_I$ , are searched using the smart algorithm. A $50\sin \omega t$ signal source is used for simulation and testing. The PSO conditional function convergence diagram of SMC is shown in Figure 4 . The motion trajectory diagram of SMC is shown in Figure 5 .

Figure 4. PSO conditional SMC function convergence diagram.

PSO: particle swarm optimization; SMC: sliding mode control.

Figure 5. SMC motion trajectory diagram.

SMC: sliding mode control.

Simulation experiment of PSO–PID control

Proportional-integral-derivative controllers are simple and easy to implement. Commercial controllers, as used in CNC machine tools with AC motor drives, all use PID control. The controller has three main parameters: $K_p$ , $K_i$ , and $K_d$ and the best solutions for them were found using the PSO algorithm. Since a sine wave signal source is used in the simulated system, the assessment by conditional function of the PSO is based on error, as shown in equation (14). The conditional function convergence of the X-axis and Y-axis PID controller are shown in Figures 6 and 7 . Figure 8 shows the motion trajectory diagrams of X, Y-axis.

$$E_{PID}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=0}^T\sqrt{{(P_{input}-p_{output})}^2}}$$

(14)

Figure 6. PSO conditional function convergence diagram, X-axis PID controller.

PSO: particle swarm optimization; PID: proportional-integral-derivative.

Figure 7. PSO conditional function convergence diagram, Y-axis PID controller.

PSO: particle swarm optimization; PID: proportional-integral-derivative.

Figure 8. PSO–PID controller motion trajectory diagrams.

PSO: particle swarm optimization; PID: proportional-integral-derivative.

QFT control simulation experiment^20,21

QFT control works in a similar way to that described in the previous section. The transfer functions of the QFT controllers for the two axes can be derived after matching system architectures of both axes. However, discrete system functions of the controllers for the two axes will be calculated from continuous system functions using a Z-transform. The motion trajectories of the X-axis and Y-axis are shown in Figure 9 .

Figure 9. Simulated motion trajectory diagram, X, Y-axis QFT controller.

QFT: quantitative feedback design theory.

Experiment results

The equipment used in this study was the base of a CNC milling machine, as shown in Figure 10 . The computer sends commands to the AC servo motors and drives the feed screws, which in turn move the platform. Two 2000 W DELTA ASD-A2 series servo motors were used. The encoder can be set to the maximum of 32,000 pulses/cycle. The pitch of the thread on the feed screws was 16 mm, as shown in Figure 11 .

Figure 10. The X–Y platform used in this study.

Figure 11. Diagram of feed screw and nut.

A PC-based ADLINK PCI-8254 motion control card was used in this study. The controller was realized with C# through the ADLINK API system. Parameters $K_P$ , $K_I$ and $K_D$ are primarily used to calibrate the current position of the platform. Since the point-to-point control is different from the continuous signal used to draw a circle, the conditional function used in smart algorithm optimization will provide more adequate control.

Experiments in this study are conducted by comparing the results of drawing circles of 50 mm in radius. The starting point is on the border line. Signal sources are $R\cdot \sin \omega t$ and $R\cdot \cos \omega t-R$ .

Three types of controllers were used to operate the X–Y movements. The errors and circle drawing results were obtained based from encoder feedback, as shown in Figures 12 to 16 . It is clear that SMC control has the best performance with respect to tracking signal source, and has an error of about 0.45 mm. QFT, which has error of nearly 0.6 mm, is still considered to be relatively stable. However, the PID controller is somewhat less precise when controlling its target system and other compensation would be needed to assist in calibration.

Figure 12. Circle drawing errors, PID control.

PID: proportional-integral-derivative.

Figure 13. Circle drawing errors, QFT control.

QFT: quantitative feedback design theory.

Figure 14. Circle drawing errors, SMC control.

SMC: sliding mode control.

Figure 15. Comparison of X-axis errors for the three controllers.

Figure 16. Comparison of errors between Y-axis controllers.

Conclusion

In this study, the equipment was digitized by modeling using the PSO smart algorithm. The performance of the controllers could readily be assessed in the simulated systems. Since designing QFT and SMC control requires frequency response of the overall system, precise system modeling would facilitate more appropriate controller designs. The best controller parameter values can be decided by accurate operation of the simulated systems. Comparisons were made between three control methods, PID, QFT and SMC, and observations of feedback signals from the encoder, showed SMC to have the more precise control, with an error of about 0.45 mm from the target trajectory. With QFT and PID, the errors were about 0.6 mm and nearly 1.0 mm, respectively. In this paper, we use a robust controller to control the CNC system. In the future, we will consider trying a variational iteration method-based or homotopy perturbation method-based smart algorithm to find the optimal gains.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research project received financial support from the Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department and Education Department Project of China (2017FH001-067, 2017FH001-117, 2016ZDX127).

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Design Considerations Of Nc Machine Tools Ppt

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